Recommending essential books to understand the Brazilian Amazon even a little requires great care – not to mention the understanding, from the outset, that such choices are personal, and that a great many important works have been left out.

There is an almost limitless list of interesting works considered “mandatory reading” which didn’t make it onto the list I’ve prepared, as they’re old, rare, or difficult to find, or which, in their content, are closer to scholarship and specialized research than the interests of the wider reading public. One example is the narrative of the Spanish priest Gaspar de Carvajal, which describes the voyage of the explorer Francisco de Orellana in 1541 and 1542. It was the first written document of a complete navigation of the Amazon River, all the way to its mouth.

Among the naturalist travelers here, such as Charles-Marie de la Condamine in the early 18th century, there is the Viagem Filosófica (“Philosophical Journey”, in English) of Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, who produced a wealth of rich material between 1783 and 1892, Tesouro Descoberto no Máximo Rio Amazonas (“Treasure Discovered on the Amazon River”), by Father João Daniel, As Regiões Amazônicas (“The Amazon Regions”), by Barão de Marajó, Ensaio Corográfico sobre a Província do Pará (“Chorographic Essay on the Province of Pará” by Antonio Ladislau Monteiro Baena, As Viagens do Ouvidor Sampaio (1774-1775) (“The Travels of Magistrate Sampaio (1774-1775)”, the Dicionário Topográfico, Histórico, Descritivo da Comarca do Alto Amazonas (“The Topographic, Historical and Descriptive Dictionary of the District of Upper Amazonas”), by Lourenço Amazonas, published in 1852, and the Estudos Amazônicos (“Amazon Studies”), by José Veríssimo, to mention just a few of the significant works produced prior to the 19th century.

Nor should the English writers Alfred Russel Wallace, author of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, and Henry Walter Bates, who wrote A Naturalist on the Amazon, be forgotten. Their works helped support Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.

From the 20th century, we cannot forget Capitalismo Autoritário e Campesinato (“Authoritarian Capitalism and the Camponese (smallhold farmer)”), by Otávio Velho, Antropologia dos Arquivos da Amazônia (“Anthropology of the Records of the Amazon”), by Alfredo Wagner Berno de Almeida, and [the Brazilian state of] Rondônia, by Roquette Pinto. Finally, História Econômica da Amazônia (“Economic History of the Amazon”), by Roberto Santos, is a careful study of the period between 1800 and 1920, an important era for the rubber industry, and offers important data on the social, economic and political formation of the region, of interest to both specialist and non-specialist readers.

With the introduction taken care of, I’d like to suggest ten books that can introduce the Amazon to those who want to understand it better. Works that are found in both new and used bookstores, and publishers’ websites, avoiding the rarest titles, or those that are out of print.

I looked for works that address important topics and might encourage the reader to delve deeper into primary sources and reference books. Again, while lists like this are always personal, I hope this one is a help to anyone who wants to explore new pathways. The books are arranged in alphabetical order.

A theme I’ve long thought about and defended: the Amazon ceased to be a colony of Portugal to become a colony of Brazil, and was used as a supplier of wealth, from indigenous labor to drugs from the sertão (arid backlands region), and the raw materials extracted from the trees of the forest, rubber, and gold. The government projects implemented here, mostly supported by local elites, have never taken residents into account. A scholar of the Amazon, Violeta Loureiro analyzes and interprets history like few others. It’s a book I wish I had written. Essential reading.

In my opinion this is one of the most significant books written today. Eliane Brum describes her experience of living in the Amazon and, through that change, the state of the region in which she lives, condemning the abuses carried out in the forest, and on the lives of ribeirinhos (members of traditional forest communities) and indigenous peoples. I always say that, for anyone who is concerned about and wants to learn about the Amazon today, and how it got to where it is, Banzeiro Òkòtó is indispensable. Brum’s stance, and the themes and debates in the book, mean no one who reads it will remain unchanged. It is a powerful work. [Editor’s note: Thank you Joaquim. Dear readers, I promise I did not twist his arm to include my book.]

Dalcídio Jurandir (1909-1979) was a great novelist and, in addition to its literary qualities, I believe that reading his work is vital to understanding the part of the Amazon around the Ilha de Marajó, Belém and the Lower Amazon. Unfortunately, the writer hasn’t received the recognition he deserves, but professor and literary critic Willi Bolle has produced a dedicated study of him. I recommend it. Bolle states that he chose to study the Amazon in the light of Dalcídio Jurandir’s work, as his cycle of ten novels, totaling around 3,000 pages, presents the day to day history and culture of the region. Boca do Amazonas is a thought-provoking entry into the author’s original text.

This work brings together a series of reports into the ancient inhabitants of the Amazon River. Almost all the “chronicles”, as these records were called, were previously unpublished in Portuguese. They were written by Spanish travelers and missionaries, or those acting in the service of Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries, a period when the Spanish disputed possession of the Amazon with Portugal. They are important sources for understanding the history and culture of the indigenous peoples who lived along the river at the beginning of the colonial period. Of particular interest are the texts from the first trip to the mouth of the Amazon (1541-1542).

The fourth novel by Milton Hatoum is the chronicle not only of the love of Arminto Cordovil for Dinaura, but of a family that, in a specific time and place, and based on the sap of the rubber tree, sought to embody the secular dreams of an Amazonian el Dorado. As always, the writing of Hatoum – an author of fundamental importance – both captures and entwines itself in a web of myths and mysteries. Light, pleasurable reading that, through desperate passions, brings to light the story of a piece of the Amazon.

Essential non-fiction work from South American literature professor Leopoldo Bernucci. Through a meticulous reading of the novel La Vorágine (1924), or The Vortex in English, by the Colombian author José Eustáquio Rivera, and the works À Margem da História (translated into English as The Amazon: Land Without History) and Inferno Verde (which means the Green Hell) – by the Brazilians Euclides da Cunha and Alberto Rangel, respectively – Bernucci travels through one of the most tragic periods in the history of the Amazon, during the rubber boom, when the Amazonian rubber plantations became the horrendous setting of crimes against humanity.

Drawing on conversations between Yanomami shaman Davi Kopenawa and anthropologist Bruce Albert, this work brings the reader an indigenous person’s vision of white people, the myths of his own people, and ancestral knowledge, not to mention his worldview – of vital importance at a time when we are experiencing the destruction of the Amazon. It is a dense book, in which Davi Kopenawa describes periods of his life, including his time at Funai (Brazil’s federal agency of Indigenous affairs), and which deals with environmental, cultural and political themes. It is a work to which one should dedicate time, a book to be read unhurried, a non-fiction Um Grande Sertão: Veredas (The Devil To Pay In The Backlands, in its English translation) [a classic of Brazilian literature by João Guimarães Rosa]. Each sentence should be read, then reflected upon.

As the author himself, anthropologist Mark Harris, points out, the Cabanagem rebellion, which took place between 1835 and 1840, was not just a struggle of the oppressed, analogous to so many others around the world between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, but a potential separatist struggle. As a popular revolt, it went beyond a single category, embracing a number of groups who considered themselves wronged and exploited: the indigenous, black and mestizo peoples, in an uprising of the oppressed against the colonizer. In this work, Mark Harris collects documents and records from the rebels themselves to reinterpret the movement. A historical ethnography written by an anthropologist.

This book made me see the predatory use of language as an instrument of power, and how it eradicated so many indigenous languages. Some disappeared forever; others are being preserved with difficulty. It is all part of a historical process of domination by the Portuguese colonizers. The book is the result of extensive academic research and is a tremendous help to understanding the process of integration of indigenous peoples in the Amazon region. In the words of the author, “The arrival of Europeans in the Amazon, considered at the time as the ‘River of Babel’, brought about ruptures and a catastrophic reorganization, concentrated in language as one of its organizing principles”. An essential book for understanding the Amazon.

The result of years of study by an archaeologist who, in my opinion, is the greatest authority on archeology in the Amazon today, this book recounts an eight-thousand-year history, through revelations of the process of human occupation in the region. The text is the result of an academic study originally presented as an associate professorship thesis in 2013, but should reach a much wider audience than specialized readers. For those interested, the writing of Eduardo Góes Neves brings the history of the indigenous peoples of the lowlands and the Amazon closer.